Seeking Pleasure and Happiness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Seeking Pleasure and Happiness - Essay Example Unfortunately, Billy is deadly wounded and is left recuperating injuries in a hospital and meets Sally, Bob Hyde’s wife. He believes that Sally will help her get over the anger, frustration, and pain he got from the war. Luke and Sally pursue happiness through sexual pleasure, and the two eventually engage in sex (Waldo, 2014). Sally gets an organism for the first time and she slowly starts forgetting her husband and starts enjoying the happy life with Luke. Luke feels exasperated by Billy’s decision to kill himself by injecting air into his body. Billy committed suicide as he was striving to obtain happiness and get over the injuries he got from the war, hence affirming the extent that people go in search of pleasure and happiness.  Similarly, in The Last Detail 1973, Larry Meadows is sentenced to 8 years in prison after his plan to steal $40 botched. The petty crime that Meadows expected to be a source of unending pleasure lands him in unfathomable miseries. As he i s transferred from Norfolk to Portsmouth prison, Buddusky and Richard Mulhall provide several adventures for Meadows as a way of ensuring that he obtains happiness before getting to prison (Chuck, 2013). Meadows, an underage, seeks pleasure in whiskey and visits a brothel where he loses his virginity and openly admits that the few profane activities he had engaged in when in the company of Buddusky and Richard gave him the greatest happiness in life. This is what Aristotle termed as Egoistic Hedonism that torpedoes an individual’s life.

Weekly Video Analysis Report Essay Example for Free

Weekly Video Analysis Report Essay 1. Issue: Jack have a good plan for the implementation of the ASRS, but poor planning. To implement the system they are going to have to use IT and bandwidth personnel who are already involved in other projects and obviously have not been informed. 2. Issue: Customers are having to go through a long process in order to have direct communication with Customers Service Representatives. They are having to pick from a long list of choices and to long of a wait listening to recordings after recording, when they finally get to talk to a person, they are having to wait even more to get their questions answered and get information regarding the process, address and other issues with purchase returns. 3. Issue: Customers are having to call to get information on how, where, and what they need to do in order to return a product they purchased. 4. Issue: CanGo has an issue with the way their web site is designed. They are losing customers and the ones who are browsing are not buying, which seem to be the same problem other sites are having. 5. Issue: Nick whom is a Senior Staff Member is employed by CanGo as a swing operator in the shipping, expediting, and marketing departments. He has a degree from City College in New York, although it is reported that Nick led the company in sales during CanGo’s last quarter, Nick is always confused about everything. He’s not organized, can’t seem to keep information where  it can be found, and don’t seem to take his job seriously. 6. Issue: Conservative on the expected improvement numbers; process flow chart nowhere near being done, the â€Å"buck† was being passed as to who had the flow chart; peer Pressure used by VALS2tm to sell more product; current campaign seem to work with a market in a different country 1. Recommendation: Jack need to submit a requisition for implementation of the plan to CanGo’s Board of Directors and request a meeting with all the staff from IT and bandwidth before deciding on having them work on the system. Everyone involved in the project has to be able and willing to participate. Jack also have to make sure that the company will be willing to set a budget for the system. 2. Recommendation: The system needs to be updated to make it easy for customers to make immediate connection with Customers Service. There need be no more than three choices given by the recording. a. Choose 1 if you need to speak directly to a Customers Service Representative. b. Choose 2 if you are calling to check on your order. c. Choose 3 if you are willing to complete a short survey. 3. Recommendation: Each package should include instructions as to how, where, how much time the customer has to return any items purchase, requirements for returns (CD preciously opened cannot be returned) addressed pre labeled tags, Customers Service telephone number and option number they need to pick for faster service. 4. Recommendations: CanGo need to re-design the web site to appeal to the type of customers who are most interested in the type of products they offer. They need to reach customers and request their input. The use of surveys would benefit them to gain this information. Once again making, it a simpler way for the customers to communicate with Customers Service, including satisfaction surveys with each product they ship and offering their customers the choice to log in and completed on line satisfaction  input may also be a good way of getting their customers feedback. 5. Recommendation: CanGo’s management need to have council with Nick and perhaps have him take an organizational training. CanGo need to reevaluate Nick’s performance. If Nick is not held responsible for not keeping deadlines, CanGo will lose time and money if this issue is not resolved. 6. Recommendation: When calculating the improvement numbers, one may want to add between 10-20% onto the numbers. This way if you come in under on the budget end, but up on the ROI and profits, you look good by management. Now if you remain conservative you are more likely to be over on a number of your predictions. When the manager wanted to see the flow chart, the employee’s should own up to the fact that they don’t have it and don’t know exactly where it is at. Thankfully Debbie was on top of everything within the flow chart. References Week 3 Introductory Video: Managing episode: Choosing a Strategy Assistant Operations Manager Debbie, Discussion Notes on the Customers Service Process. Episode Understanding Customers Behavior.

Influence Of Gambling Activities In College Students Psychology Essay

Influence Of Gambling Activities In College Students Psychology Essay My previous experience and lively interest in this subject motivated me to select Essence of gambling and influence of gambling activities in college students as a topic for my literature review. I had been problematic gambler for two years (gaming peers promoted tendencies to gamble) at first I started it as a means of recreation, but as a result it became major activity for me. I was spending great deal of time and money on it, without taking care of family budget or private life and it initiated real financial crisis and nervousness for me. But today, I am not gaming at all; I broke a deadlock, after loosing big sum of money, so I would like to scientifically realize the process of starting and terminating gambling by me. On the other hand, in Georgia sports betting (bookmakers) and Casino games are primary gambling activities, not only adults, but teenagers also are frequent users of these venues and I consider gambling as a large national problem. Increasing number of gambling v enues (for instance: my native city Batumi looks like a big casino) and promotion of gaming directed at students makes problem even more severe and large-scale. There had been hot debates around this topic, should gambling be declared illegal? Should it be removed from urban centers? Or simply prioritized as a profitable industry which is one of the main sources of taxation revenue? I want to assess where we are, acknowledge positive and negative sides of gambling, make judgments and as a voter support conventional wisdom. Why researchers even bother to tackle this topic? Because current developments in the world and mainly in USA makes lots of things around gambling challenging to investigate, analyze and conclude. On one hand there is profitable industry, which contributes a lot to taxation revenue, economic growth and development of services in urban centers, on the other hand negative consequences it yields to society, like emotional distress, personal bankruptcy, psychological trauma, so it is interest for researchers weather benefits cover those disadvantages or not. And why college students? Because studies of other risk behaviors have reinforced the opinion, that college students are at high risk for gambling ( LaBrie A. Richard; Shaffer J. Howard; LaPlante A. Debi; Wechsler Henry (2001) Correlates of college student gambling in the United States). Researchers examine different stages of gambling, when it becomes harmful, what are motives And which individuals are more inclined to gamble to deathà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦On the whole, the increase in the prevalence of gambling has stimulated a considerable body of research. (Platz Laurie and Murray Millar (1998) Gambling in the context of other recreation activity: A quantitative comparison of casual and pathological student gamblers.) As a prospective economist first I reviewed article by Koo Jun et al Rolling the dice? Casinos, Tax revenues and the social cost of gaming, (Journal of urban affairs. Volume 29, number 4.) Do the benefits from increased taxes and job opportunities associated with gambling outweigh those personal and social costs resulted from increased number of addicted gamblers? So three main issue worked out in this research are: 1)tax revenues and economic growth supported by these funds, 2) jobs at the casinos and improved public service, 3)possible social consequences. Wagering tax rates varies between 8.5 and 45.5% in US (Nevada, New Jerseyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Illinois) and as a percent of tax revenue it is between 3.4 and 27.8% (Illinoisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Nevada), in Detroit casinos are sixth largest employer (Source: Indiana Gaming Commission, 2006) rigid evidence to agree that this industry is special for states economic stability. Research also focused on social costs: do casinos induce higher leve ls of social problems? Is there a link between casinos and socially destructive behaviors like unemployment, bankruptcy fillings and crime rate? Direction of causality must be checked. Article tried to answer these questions by analyzing changes in Michigan, Virginia, Indiana and Ohio; in Ohio casino-style gaming is forbidden while in others not, so researchers compared outcomes relative to social problems. Quasi experiment was carried out, unemployment rates of casino and non-casino countries in Michigan between 1991 and 2003 were compared and result was that although there was a slight decrease in the unemployment rate gap, the opening of casinos did not significantly change overall levels. Similar patterns are observed in terms of bankruptcy rates and crime levels, presence of casinos had no observable incremental effect, macro factors seem to play much significant role (Koo Jun et al, 2007). This research also used regression models, designed to control differences in initial conditions between casino and non-casino counties and separate the effects of casinos on the social cost variables: crime rate, personal bankruptcy rate and unemployment, results showed that there might be some casino effects but they are unimportant (Koo Jun et al, 2007). We can conclude this research that gambling does not have significant and catastrophic effects on socially destructive behavior, even recognizing direct connection between them is difficult, so there is no reason to declare it unlawful and sacrifice financial benefits of it. Now the essence of gambling must be studied. Gambling: normal adolescent activity or pathologic addiction? abstract by Selekman Janice 2008, explains essence of gaming. Gambling sometimes referred as Gaming, is defined as the practice of playing games of chance or betting in the hope of winning money or something of value, it involves risk and uncertainty (Verbeke and Kittrick-Nathan,2007) Most adolescent gamblers are considered as recreational, who gamble for the purposes of entertainment, but of the 80% gamblers 10-15% are at risk of development of a gambling problem and 3-8% are considered to be problem or pathological gamblers (Derevensky and Gupta, 2007) in adult population only 1.5% are problematic gamblers (Labrie and Shaffer). The median age for starting gambling is 11-13 years, when small amounts of money are readily accessible, when local environment accepts such behavior and rules of the game are understandable to a child and he/she plays to win money, gain status and resp ect among friends, escape stress, relieve boredom. While gambling they feel more control of the situation, more independence and self reliability (Jacobs, 2004) But at some phase recreational gambling becomes problematic, impulse-control disorders take place and can be characterized by following criteria suggested by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual: Preoccupied with gambling. Needs to gamble with increasing amounts of money. Has repeated unsuccessful efforts to control, stop gambling. Is restless or irritable. Gambles as a way of escaping from problems or of relieving a dystrophic mood. Chases ones loses. Lies to conceal the extent of involvement in gambling in gambling Has committed illegal acts such as forgery, fraud, theftà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Has jeopardized or lost a significant relationship, job or career opportunity because of gambling. Relies on others to provide money to relieve a desperate financial situation.(American Psychiatric Association, 2000) Pathological gamblers are at increased risk for use of alcohol and drugs, they have symptoms of anxiety and depression, sudden change in mood and school performance, they sell expensive possessions and are unable to count for money (Griffiths and Wood, 2005). It is worthwhile now to scrutinize problem gambling and prediction of gambling behavior in more details. Abstract The prediction of gambling behavior and problem gambling from attitudes and perceived norms by Susan M, Moore is useful in this sense. In the study by Moore the aim was to test the Theory of Reasoned Action, central hypotheses were that attitudes and subjective norms would predict intentions and intention-behavior. Survey designed to measure gambling attitudes, subjective norms, gambling intention, gambling behavior and problem gambling was completed by 215 participants (mean age 22). Results showed that: Most respondents approved of moderate gambling and hold that some gambling should be legal, but they were against too much gambling and endorsed to set limits on gambling opportunities. Realizing figure 2 we find out that family and friends have a great impact on gamblers, and gamblers are often surrounded by gaming friends and family members, and disapproval of their behavior comes from family members not from friends (Moore M. Susan; Ohtsuka Keis 1999) As frequency of gambling behavior in the sample shows very few of the sample regularly engaged in any type of gambling, but at a low level there has been widespread engagement in gambling. Survey also showed that not all gamblers, that game more frequently than they intend, are problematic, so correlation between gambling frequency and problem gambling was, moderately high but not corresponding: (Moore M. Susan; Ohtsuka Keis) And finally with table five, there is expressed gambling intention, frequency and problem as independent variables and potential predictors are sex, age, attitudes to gambling, subjective norms, intention to gamble. Regression analyses showed intention to gamble was significantly predicted by attitudes and subjective norms: more positive attitudes greater intention to gamble. Also males, people with strong intentions and positive subjective norms are more likely to engage in this activity. (Moore M. Susan; Ohtsuka Keis, Social behavior and personality, 1999) Gambling behavior and problem gambling is partly predicted and influenced by independent factors, but is it stable or characterized by progression? It was helpful for me to answer these questions by contemplating longitudinal studies reviewed by Debi A. Laplant et al in the abstract named: Stability and progression of disordered gambling: lessons from longitudinal studies. Stability tendency for individuals to stay at one diagnostic level opposed to moving to another improved or worsened level (Laplante A Debi et al 2008). this review found out that in contrary to conventional wisdom individuals can recover from disordered gambling (contrary to persistence assumption), like the other one that holds that individuals who have gambling problems are not more likely to worsen than individuals without gambling problems (contrary to progression assumption), so this review demonstrates that disordered gambling is unstable and not persistent, that means that professional and conventional wis dom about problem gambling have no empirical support. This review by Laplante A Debi was based on 5 peer reviewed articles (Abbott et al, Defuentes-Merillas et al, Shaffeer and Hall, Slutske et al, and Winters et al) which used various time points, populations and measures of problem gambling: In the above figure level 0-1 represents no gambling or gambling without problems, level 2 subclinical gambling problems, level 3 gambling problems. Then were developed cross tabs classification of gambling courses: improving decreased number of gambling problems; worsening increased number of gambling problems; stable consistent gambling problems across all time points (there were different time points and large time span) and variable fluctuation of gambling problems without consistent direction. As this figure shows Level 3 or problem gamblers who reduced their level of severity exceeded the studies corresponding margin of error, in each study proportion of level 3 gamblers improving was greater than zero. Results are similar for Level 2 gamblers, who reduced level of severity and their number exceeded corresponding margin of error. Improving was greater than zero. (Table2, Debi A. Laplante et al) it confirms that gambling behavior is not persistent, as problem gamblers reveal tendencies of improving in each study. We can conclude that these longitudinal studies with short-term and long-term periods indicate that while healthy gambling behavior appears to be stable, individuals with gambling problems experience movement from different levels of severity of gambling disorder to other more or less severe levels. Now as we have covered main issues, structure and characteristics of gambling we should pay more attention to segment of population which is frequently involved in gambling and pathological gambling yields disastrous consequences for them. As a bottom line we can use article by Emily M. Verbeke and Karin Dittrick-Nathan-Student gambling. Gambling is an addictive behavior that is often hidden but erodes students quality of life; it has increased significantly among adolescents, who have grown up in a society where it is legal and widely accepted.(Emily M. Verbeke) As article points out problem or compulsive gambling is characterized by: increasing preoccupation with gambling, a need to bet more money more frequently, restlessness or irritability, increasing bets to make up previous losses and loss of control over gambling activity. Result of problem gambling can be low grades absenteeism, poor concentrationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Emily M. Verbeke) (Then we will discuss this in more details). Although regulations forbid anyone under 18 to play, illegal gambling takes place out of controlled areas. There are several reasons why adolescents gamble: for recreation, to socialize, to win money, to experience thrill, to relieve depression or simply to escape from problems at home or university. Youths who have certain personality characteristics, such as extreme impulsivity, extroversion, sensation-seeking behaviors or low self-esteem may be at higher risk of developing a gambling problem and they have higher rates of depression and suicide attempts. Prevention and intervention activities must me carried out by teachers, mental health professionals, coaches, parents to communicate to students about negative effects of gambling and change a positive attitude towards gaming as a harmless behavior (Emily M. Verbeke). College students gambling behavior: when does it become harmful? by Jeremiah Weinstock et al is another useful abstract which gives us beneficial information about student gambling. 159 college students were interviewed, who also completed demographic questionnaire. Patterns of gambling behavior associated with pathological gambling gambling more than 1.2 times per month, gambling more than 2.1 hours per month, intending to wager more than 6.1% of monthly income and wagering more than 10.5% of monthly income. Pathological gambling was also associated with the combination of psychological distress, gambling frequency and a history of parental gambling problems (Jeremiah Weinstock). Pathological student gamblers report poorer academic performance and greater risk taking, like alcohol consumption, nicotine use, illicit drug use and unprotected sex, than recreational or non-gamblers (Weinstock et al). Also Weinstock et al found that 50% of students who gambled at least once a month expe rienced problems related to their gambling. In this study 160 students were participating, 18 years or older, the sample was diverse in both demographic characteristics and gambling behavior. Study showed that the most common gambling activities were cards (58.3%), slots (48.1%), sports betting (33.1%) and games of skill (26.3%). Questionnaire filled in by participants asked for GPA, monthly income, ethnicity, sex, marital status and age, also whether their parents gambled or not. Questionnaire also included other behavioral variables like Gambling frequency, duration, Gambling Plan Adherence index and episodes when amount risked exceeded amount intended to risk. On the basis of diagnostic interview participants were classified as pathological or non-pathological gamblers. As shown in table 1, pathological gamblers are significantly more likely to report a parent with a gambling problem history, a lower GPA, greater psychological distress than were non-pathological gamblers. This numbers identify several strong behavioral indicators, highlighting a behavior associated with pathological gambling: risking more than 10% of monthly income, gambling more than once a month and gambling more than 2 hours per month were related to pathological gambling status in college students. As study showed demographic variables play small role in pathological gambling status, behavioral and psychological variables are more influential and such behavioral indicators can be utilized to assess, prevent and intervene in problematic gambling behavior in college students. Pathological gambling among students is further analyzed by Randy Stinchfield in the article Problem and pathological gambling among college students. Article is divided into four sections, overview of problem and pathological gambling, risk and protective factors associated with student gambling, problem gambling screening and assessment instruments, prevention and intervention approaches. Problem gambling individuals life is disrupted by gambling, gambling takes precedence over other activities and individual experiences adverse consequences. Pathological gambling is a psychiatric diagnosis (Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-American psychiatric association). Three cardinal signs of pathological gambling are: preoccupation with gambling and obtaining money with which to gamble, loss of control of ones gambling and continuation of gambling despite negative consequences such as losing large sums of money. Experimenting with gambling, regular gambling, excessive g ambling are types of student gambling. Many college student gambles, but only small percentage becomes problem gamblers (Winters, Bengston, Dorr 1998). Rates of gambling and problem gambling remained stable over time, but there was a shift from illegal games to legalized games (Winters 1995). How many college students are problem gamblers? 9.3% of men and 2.4% of women(Shaffer, Hall 1997 SOGS),other study 4.9%men 1%women(Winters, Bengston, Dorr 1998) another study 8.5%men, 1.9% women (Engwall, Hunter, Steinberg 2004). What about risk and protective factors associated with gambling? Out of all possible risks, most salient is substance use, abuse, dependence. The link between alcohol, illicit drug, and tobacco use and gambling and problem gambling are strong (Clark, 2003; Engwall 2004). Heavy alcohol use was highly predictive of problem gambling, particularly size of bets made while gambling, unanticipated withdrawal of extra money at the casino and loss of more money than could be afforded (Giacopassi 1998). In terms of gender, males are more involved in gambling that women (Kveitel and Allen, 1998) males also have higher rate of problem gambling than females (Ladoucer 1994). Ethnicity, like gender is another salient risk factor, studies have shown that African-Americans and Asian-Americans tend to gamble more then European-Americans. Other important risk factors can also be listed: students overall level of gambling activity, general gambling veracity, tendency to minimize losses, general academic performance, typical leisure or extracurricular activities and parental or guardian history of gamblingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(Randy Stinchfield 2006). Now briefly discuss about pathological gambling assessment instruments. Most commonly is used the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS), the content of SOGS includes items that inquire about spending more time or money on gambling than intended, hiding evidence of ones gambling, arguing with family members about ones gambling borrowing money. The twenty item SOGS is scored by summing the number of items endorsed, a cut score of 5 or more indicates PPG. Second item is the Gambling Behavior Interview (GBI) 76 item instrument designed to measure signs and symptoms of problem gambling. GBI is made up of eight content domains: Gambling attitudes, Gambling frequency of different games, Time and money spent gambling, gambling frequency at different venues, SOGS, DSM diagnostic criteria, Research diagnostic items and demographics.(National Collegiate Association, 2004). At the end of this article are recommendations for practitioners at colleges and universities: Monitor student gambling behavior, extent of gambling, illegal gambling and problem gambling. Develop student policies for gambling that emphasize rehabilitation not punishment. Conduct research into the cause, development, maintenance and cessation of problem gambling, with an emphasis on risk and protective factors. Develop and evaluate prevention programs and messages designed for students. Provide treatment services for students who have already developed a gambling problem. (Randy Stinfield, William Hanson, Douglas Olson, 2006). Correlates of college student gambling are worthwhile to analyze. Article named Correlates of college student gambling in the United States by Richard A. LAbrie et al gives some profitable information about it. Primary research questions which were answered: Will a nationally representative survey of gambling among college students confirm the concept that college students are at high risk for gambling problems? And will the problem behaviors and the risk factors conform to those of alcohol abuse and thereby support the persistence of a problem behavior syndrome (Richard A Labrie). Research used 2001 CAS self-administered questionnaire, which repeated standard questions used in 1993, 1997, 1999 surveys. The survey questionnaire asked, during the past school year, how often did you bet or spend money on each of the following gambling activities: Betting on professional sports, Betting on college sports, Betting on horse or dog racing, Casino gambling, Betting on the lottery or the num bers, Internet betting or gambling, Betting with a bookie, Playing cards, dice, or other games of chance. The 2001 CAS collected data from 120 colleges, 10765 students, to improve the representativeness of the sample; data were weighted to the gender, age and race/ethnicity distribution at the schools. Approximately 52% of men and 33% of women reported that they gambled, the most popular type of gambling was playing the lottery (25%), 30% reported casino gambling, 13% gambling with playing cards and dice. Gambling venues for men: lottery, playing cards, betting on sports, skill games and casino gambling, women preferred lottery, casinos, slot machines, bingo, and playing cards. Men are about 4 times more likely than women to have bet on sports and played games of skill for money, 3 times more likely to have bet on animals and twice as likely to have gambled in the stock market and played dice games (Douglas Engwall 2000). Of the students who gambled, 45% participated in only 1 type of gambling activity, the majority of student gamblers restricted their gambling to 1or 2 types (Richard A Labrie 2001). Students also answered questions about time spent on various activities in the past 30 days, these questions provided with an opportunity to evaluate the demographic and other factors that distinguished students who gambled from those who did not. Results showed that three demographic variables significantly predicted college student gambling for the total sample. Being male was the strongest demographic predictor of being a gambler, followed by being older than 20 years, and finally by having parents who had not completed the 4 year college. For men but not women, being white was a significant predictor of being a gambler, for women but not men having never been married was also significant predictor (Richard A Labrie 2001). Other covariates: those students whose families did not disapprove of drinking were more likely to gamble. Students who gamble intensely consider parties to be very important and religion and art less important. Male gamblers consider athletics to be very important. Men who lived in fraternity houses were more likely to be gamblers; having a grade average less than a B+ was more common among gamblers and also having 5 or more close friends was one of the predictors. Alcohol related behavior were the strongest risk correlates of gambling. Use of marijuana and illicit drugs also predicted gambling. Students of both sexes were more likely to be gamblers if they watched a great deal of television, spent time on a computer for non-academic reasons, studied less than 3 hours a day (Richard A Labrie 2001) The results of this nationally representative survey of gambling among college students do not indicate that students are at high risk for gambling problems, fewer college students in the 2001 CAS gambled in the last school year than adults in the last year. The CAS also found that 2.6% of students gambled frequently. Although findings reported in this article do not indicate a large national gambling problem among students, promotion of gambling could change a current situation. As we noted several times, intensive alcohol usage is most significant predictor of gambling behavior, so decision of choosing article The co-occurrence of alcohol use and gambling activities in first-year college students by Matthew P. Martens. Study written in this article was participated by 908 first-year college students, who were surveyed in 2005; research showed that alcohol use and alcohol-related risks were related to gambling frequency and peak gambling loss. National studies have indicated that approximately 40% of US students engaged in heavy episodic drinking, with men consuming more alcohol than women. In this study Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) was used as a measure of alcohol use. AUDIT is a 10-item measure designed to assess alcohol consumption, dependence symptoms and alcohol related risks and problems. To assess gambling behaviors, participants completed a 7-item inventory, these items were taken from the South Oaks Gambling Screen, six items as sessed gambling activities: playing cards for money, betting on horses or sports betting, playing slot machines, playing casino games, playing the lottery and playing a game of skill. The mean AUDIT score among participants was 8.61, men reported higher total scores than women (Matthew P. Martens 2005), results also showed that most played gambling activity was lottery games(55%) followed by playing cards for money(44%) and games of skill(26%), men reported gambling more frequently and having a greater peak gambling loss than did women. Goal of this study was to examine the co-occurrence of alcohol use and gambling. Table 2 shows the correlation between AUDIT scores and gambling variables, correlation between AUDIT and gambling frequency was 0.29 indicating the co-occurrence. By assessing differences in gambling behaviors between high-risk drinkers, low risk drinkers and abstainers, analysis of results indicated that high-risk drinkers gambled significantly more often than did others and had higher peak gambling loss. The finding of this study was that alcohol-related variables (use, dependence and alcohol related risks) and gambling frequency and peak gambling loss co-occurred in a group of students: Consuming large amounts of alcohol may make it more likely that a student chooses to gamble or it could negatively affect a students gambling-related decision. Similarly students may drink more heavily when they are engaged in gambling activity. (Matthew P. Martens et al, journal of American college health 2005). As we noticed lotteries are most common form of gambling and they are readily available to students, so next article is Predictors of lottery gambling among American college students by Beverly A. Browne and Daniel J. Brown. In this study gambling behavior of 288 American college students was examined and it was found that student lottery gambling was related to having parents and friends who were lottery gamblers. Students who were frequent lottery gamblers were more likely to participate in other forms of gambling. Discriminator analyses using parental gambling, peer gambling, games played, sex and locus of control could predict frequency of lottery playing for 72% of gamblers and non-gamblers. A small body of research that addressed the relationships between gambling and personality (Reviewed by Kusyszyn, 1984) indicated that college students who gambled on lotteries were similar to non-gamblers in characteristics such as intelligence, psychoneurotic tendencies and extroversion, m ale college students who gambled were found to be more secure, masculine and happy but less socially responsible. People who believe in luck may be more likely to gamble. The personality trait of locus of control has been linked to believing in chance rather than individual control over ones destiny (Rotter, 1966; Rotter, 1972). The sample of this research consisted of 288 students, as attitudes toward gambling might vary with nationality the sample was restricted to persons from the USA. The respondents completed a self-administered questionnaire that asked about gambling practices and the gambling of parents and friends. Results showed that almost 80% of the sample had purchased lottery tickets at one time or another; only 2% reported that they were frequent lottery players and 63% as occasional players. The average age of subjects when they bought their first ticket was 17.7 years, 31% of students reported that they had played lottery illegally before the age of 18. Responses als o showed that 61% of college students played the same frequency as they did before they came to college, so college environment is not motivator of gambling. Study used discriminator analyses to determine how well a combination of variables would predict lottery playing behavior. The analyses indicated that the combination of other gambling, parental gambling, peer gambling, sex, and locus of control could predict gambling status. Most predictive variables were engaging in other gambling, parental gambling, and peer gambling. Gaming peers may promote tendencies to gamble; nevertheless other influences (time, money, knowledge) may constrain those tendencies. Review gave me a great deal of information around gambling to make conclusions, researches indicated legal gambling is not directly connected to unemployment growth, crime rate or personal bankruptcy, it is not significant influencer, so if we consider those benefits expressed in huge taxation revenues, developed services, and employment in casinos, we can find legal gambling acceptable and sometimes necessary too. Those funds received from taxation will stimulate economic growth and result in greater GDP. On the other hand, it is persons legal right to gamble, if he is above 18 years and has desire, so it would be less than democratic to abolish gaming as a purpose of evading excessive or pathological gambling. I perfectly realize negative effects and bad sides of gambling, mainly influencing adolescents and problem gamblers, as excessive gambling frequently results in disruption of private life, psychological distress, big debts, failures at jobs, universities and in relationships with relativesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ so population must be informed about it timely, and then people will make informed choice to gamble or not. Restrictions in age must be controlled strictly; juveniles under 18 years must not be allowed to gamble at all, not only in casinos but anywhere. It means that illegal gambling must be eliminated, also in schools and universities have to be conducted monitoring of student gambling behavior, prevention programs must be developed and policies should emphasize not punishment of those who became problem gamblers but rehabilitation. By looking at predictors of gambling behavior profile of prospective problem gambler can be created, people who fit this profile noticed and eliminate threat until it becomes dangerous. In some dimensions gambling has negative effects on society as a whole(social distress) so there is one view and I agree with it that gambling ventures can be removed

The Articles of Confederation Essay -- American History, Federal Gover

The Continental Congress between the years of 1776 and 1777 decided that the way of living was not suitable. After all had decided they drafted together, what we call The Articles of Confederation; â€Å"the document that defined the colonies’ collective sovereignty; drafted by the Continental Congress between 1776 and 1777, then ratified by the thirteen states in 1781†(Schultz 115). There was experimentation that was being done in the states that didn’t affect The Articles of Confederation. There wasn’t much change, as it was about the same from the late 1770s. The Articles provided each state their independence and granting very minimal power to the main federal government. Under the Articles of Confederation, there were powers strictly reserved for the Federal Government. All of the powers were placed in one legislature, which was followed under the Continental Congress. There was also no separation of powers; along with no president, monarch or prime minister to be the executive power. Instead there was a committee of the state, which was one representative from each state that was on this committee. Being the most civilized authority it didn’t allow much power. However the Continental Congress has five powers under the Articles of Confederation: â€Å"(I) to declare war and make peace; (2) to make international treaties; (3) to control Indian affairs in the West; (4) to establish a currency; and (5) to create and maintain a postal service† (Schultz 115). Under the powers reserved for the states they had all rights to levy taxes and regulate commerce. In order to conduct war these were the two most important things needed because money w as continuously moving in and out. However, under the Articles of Confederation, it couldn’t do anyt... ...at took years and much thought. From the start with the Continental Congress to the Articles of Confederation, which then lead to the Constitution. There were weaknesses of the Articles that were resolved in the Constitution. The ability to raise funds was changed in the Constitution because they were able to have one solid currency; this then limited out much of the debt that the nation was previously involved in. Having the ability to tax because of debt was tried in the Articles; however, in the Constitution it was given to the Legislative branch, with the ability to tax an individual person not just the state. The Executive branch, took over the ability to internal trade from the Articles of Confederation. They declared one person the power and the higher authority, unlike the Articles. The United States Constitution started a new government restricted nation.

Computerized Financial Mangement System

Chapter I Introduction Nowadays one of the major lending businesses that exist today is money lending. It has entered different institutions like banks, government, lending companies and even cooperatives which they offers the kind of business in order for them to gain more profit in an easy way and also to help client by giving loans for special purposes. As the world moves in a globally competitive electronic place, there’s a lot of competition in a technological way but many infrastructure and establishments were still not upgrading their own computers to the latest modern features.They just assure their clients satisfaction by giving a quality service and a friendly environment to every client which is not good enough. Majority of the lending companies nowadays are still using a manual transaction which were indeed a time consuming problem. More on these facts there is also a hard time in computing monthly dues, and balances that made the data not that accurate. This happe ns because of manual calculations in the computer. The proponent is very much concerned in conducting proper studies and implementation of better processes.The proposed system is for Sifcor Lending incorporation by using an automated transaction solution for lending and financial management to improve the current existing method of manual operations. With the advancement of the technology most of the tasks are done in an instant to be competitive nowadays we must experience what really the technology can do. 1. 2 Background of the Study The Sifcor Lending Inc. is a company who let out money for temporary use on condition of repayment with interest. Like other existing loan transaction process Sifcor is also manually operated.They give loans to those who will comply to their requirements, one of these is that an applicant should have shown monthly pay slip and income for the past months or a proof of managing any business. Due to manual operations of the company they are having a har d time in recording and calculating the loans of their clients in a fastest way, but this can be lessen by the use of computer system which could facilitate any operations at faster and easy way. The company only uses their computers for documentation and client’s record keeping purposes and not for their system.Were in fact they are just using Microsoft Word and Microsoft Excel that are usually used Microsoft Office work today and not merely doing the exact specific task they wanted to happen, in this case using of their computer does not help to make their process faster and accurate. Manual calculations were indeed a burden and consume a lot of time on the part of the employees. By developing a Finance Management system the company will have more time in giving emphasis to their other works and responsibility in the company. 1. 3 RationaleNew technologies have become integral to lives of children and young people in the home, industry, business, leisure and communication w ithin a global society. The internet and other digital and information technologies are powerful tools, which open up new opportunities for everyone. As technology grow, so do the demands for better services. The primary reason why the proponent pursue this study is to provide financial management system that will provide the proponent the best chance to apply the knowledge they learn in their years of studying at AMA Computer College.It also gives them opportunity to enhance and practice their ability and creativity. The proposed system will organize the process in which the school conducts its business. The main reason why the proponent came up to an idea of implementing Finance Management System for Sifcor Lending Inc. The proponent proposed a system which can develop a finance management system that will integrate it with the present technology to make transaction easier, faster and user friendly to the employees that will answer the needs of the locale. 1. 4 Information Technol ogy innovationSystem integration is the process of bringing together the different component subsystem into one system and ensuring that subsystem s function together as a system. In information technology, system integration is the process of linking together different computing systems and software application physically or functionally, to act as a coordinated while. In today’s generation technology plays a vital role in our society. The computer technology changes the way we communicate. SIfcor Lending Inc. adapts a system that helps them in managing its company The proponent will be using different kinds of software to develop the proposed system.The technologies used to develop the system are programming language such as Microsoft Visual Basic 6. 0 and My SQL for the database. The proponent will also use Adobe Photoshop CS5 in creating the graphics for the system. This software’s will help the proponent to easily finish the proposed system with the help of their function. 1. 5 Statement of the Problem This section stated the problem being encountered in the existing system. 1. 5. 1 General Problem The general problem as seen by the proponent is to generate a Financial Management System for Sifcor Lending Inc. that will provide an easier, faster and a useful way of lending. . 5. 2 Specific problem The purpose of the study is to generate a Financial Management System for Sifcor Lending Inc. that will provide an easier, faster and a useful way of lending. Specifically, this should be able to solve the following: 1. 5. 2. 1 How to develop a system that will computerized the payment process of SIFCOR Lending Inc. 1. 5. 2. 2 How to develop a system that will enhance security of client records/information? 1. 5. 2. 3 Computation of loans is time consuming and inaccurate due to the use of manual system in computing the loans of the clients using the calculator, paper, and pen. 1. 5. 2. Hard copies of client information are vulnerable to theft, alte rations and misplace. 1. 6 Objectives of the Study 1. 6. 1 General Objective The general objective of the study is to develop a Financial Management System for SIFCOR Lending Inc. 1. 6. 2 Specific Objectives 1. 6. 2. 1 To develop a system that will computerized the payment process of SIFCOR Lending Inc. 1. 6. 2. 2 To develop a system that will enhance security of client records/information? 1. 6. 2. 3 The system will develop a quick and accurate computation of loans by making a system that will automatically compute the loans of the client. . 6. 2. 4 Securing client loans and information. * To develop a system that is secured and free from unauthorized person. 1. 7 Scope and Delimitation 1. 7. 1 Scope The focus of this study is mainly directed towards the design and development of Finance Management for Sifcor Lending Inc. which includes the following procedures1)automatic data calculations 2) loan management; 3)balance inquiry; 4)monthly dues notices; 5) list of clients with approv ed loans; 6) and a loan ledger for the customers payments and balances. 1. 7. Delimitation Transaction such as passing of requirements, loan application, signing of contract, issuance and printing of receipts are no longer included in the system. These are done manually and they need physical appearances of the borrowers. 1. 8 Significance of the study The significance of the study is to give the lending company owner and employees a knowledge and awareness about the new and smart way of using computerized system in their financial management which until at present they are still using manual method.This study will simplify the employee’s workload by automatic calculations of their client’s loans and will minimize their time spent. Doing this automation they could able to finish their other important task timely. 1. 8. 1 Educational The proposed study will serve as a basis of learning for all Information Technology students, this will give an understanding to the Finan cial Management for Lending Companies and will inspire students to develop and make research with the same concept. This will also serve as a reference or related study for future researchers. 1. 8. 2 SocialThe proposed system is socially significant in a way that it is user friendly and is convenient to use. The completion of this research gave the proponent the opportunity to develop his own confidence as he was able to express himself and his ability as an Information Technology student with numerous people who submitted themselves for an interview. 1. 8. 3 Economical The use of the proposed system will help Sifcor Lending Inc. to reduce paper based system like using many ledger cards and to lessen administrative works because the system will automatically compute the clients loan and balances on the expected date of payment. . 8. 4 Technological The proposed system is technologically significant to the proponent and also to the user it’s because with the use of new improv ised system in the computer. The proposed system will help the user to update their knowledge about computer and system use for the benefit of their financial management in Lending to be fast and easy. 1. 9 Definition of terms These terms are defined and included in this chapter for the readers to understand the whole documentation easily. Lending. Disposing of money or property with the expectation that the same thing (or an equivalent) will be returned. Financial.A branch of economics concerned with resource location as well as resource management, acquisition and investment. Simply, finance deals with matters related to money and the markets. To raise money through the issuance and sale of debt and/or equity. Client. Customer  of a  professional  service provider, or the  principal  of an  agent  or  contractor. Chapter II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES This section contains materials, summary and excerpts of researches and related literatures about the proof of the current study about the proposed solution the proponent deems relevant to the conceptualization of the whole researches. . 1. 1 Foreign Literature According to the thesis of Kristine Mae Mallari, Carissa Garcia the development of development of technology through the years has enabled us to do more with less effort. (Ralph M. Stair; 1999) As the technology continues to advance, computer is becoming more part of our lives. Computers are everywhere at work, at school, and at home. Many daily activities now may involve the use of computer maybe because computers are used in almost every field and profession like education and office works to perform large number of computer application.According to the thesis of Kristine Mae Mallari, Carissa Garcia the database system makes faster for every institution. For the mere fact that instead of doing things manually, with the use of computer technology everything is done faster (Dan Gurewich; 1999) Database management system (DBM S) consist of a collection of interrelated and set of function to access data. DBMS provides an environment that is both convenient and efficient to use in retrieving and storing information. It is also consist of programs for storing, retrieving and manipulating large amount of data.With this article the proponent decided to use a database in storing thee large amount of information taken from the clients profile. It can also enhance manual way of record keeping by having a database. An article found to be linked at http://www. nos. org/htm/sad1. htm, stated that System is created to solves problems. One can think of the systems approach as an organized way of dealing with a problem. In this dynamic world, the subject system analysis and design mainly deals with the software development activities. System life cycle is an organizational process of developing and maintaining systems.It helps in establishing a system project plan, because it gives overall list of processes and sub-pr ocesses required developing a system. 2. 1. 2 Local Literature With the development of the computers, almost half of the business establishments, commercial companies, schools and computer center in the Philippines are completely automated – airlines, hotels, supermarkets and department stores are computers to provide instantaneous and accurate data. And it seems that companies are now taking notice of society’s changing lifestyle. Computers are being compared with the human brains.Like the Brain the advised if, the computer can take data and process it, it can store the data either in raw form or in processing result and can deliver the raw processed data to the outside world demand. Computer works in a very fast way that you can ever imagine. It involves almost everything especially in work like business or school or we can just say a very large population of people. Our country here in the Philippines we can say that we can compete because new technology from other countries has flowed to us. Imagine running a school with large population of students and how will you handle it.Also it affects the kind of environment we have. Here in our country not all business people can provide the needs of their companies. But still with the help of other technology we create a strategy on how will we go on with this kind of problem. People create a system that supports either big or small company. It will be reasonable because these systems meets the requirements of the company and best solutions are suited both environment and networked environment. 2. 2 1 Foreign Studies According to the thesis of Gascon,Arcely M. , Pamintuan, Joseph Carlo C. In an Advance Data System Corporation entitled information and Billing System supports medical Billing Systems, 2011 stated that â€Å"Medical Billing System allows the practice to manage all patient billing and accounting seamlessly and efficiently. It is fully integrated with the EMR, appointment system and charg e capture. Taking advantage of the information flow, it allows quick and easy billing while ensuring a high degree of accuracy and traceability. The system interfaces with leading electronic clearinghouses for electronic claim submission and tracking.With a comprehensive set of reports, it presents all practice management information in an effective manner for analysis and tracking. According to the thesis of Franco,George Ferman M. , Mariano Jr, Romeo C. , Yambao,Mary Grace M. , Automation of the system prove that it generates aped and accuracy, lessen the errors done by manual means and eliminate wasted time that will result for a better service that will cater the company and the employee as well. According to the thesis of Grona, Rusell, manlapaz, Joana Marie M. Business use data processing for such tasks as payroll preparation, accounting, record keeping, inventory control sales analysis, and the processing of bank and credit card account statements. Engineers and scientist use data processing for a wide variety of application, including the processing of seismic data for oil and mineral exploration, the of new product designs, the processing of satellite imagery, and the analysis of data from scientific experiments. Data processing is divided into two kinds of processing: database processing and transaction processing.A database is a collection of common records that can be searched, accessed, and modified, such as bank account records, school transcripts, and income tax data. 2. 2. 2 Local Studies According to the thesis of Elsie Punsalan, Criz Angel Garcia, stated that â€Å"to maximize the usefulness of information, business must manage it correctly, just as it managed other resources manages need to understand that costs are associated with the production, distribution security, storage and retrieval of all information. Although information is all amount us; it is not be taken for granted.In the unpublished thesis entitled manila central cooperative accounting System with Decision Support System by Bautista Catherine and Dela Cruz Juliet A. , Septerber 1996 stated that: â€Å"Computerized Accounting System ffor MMC. Intended to replace the existing manual system in order to make a accounting office work more efficient and beneficial to the members of the employees as well as to the cooperative†. In the unpublished thesis entitled Billing System for Castro Maternity and General Hospital by Maglonzo and Cruzon, 2005 stated that: The system is a major leap forward in computing. It makes computation easier and more fun to use with many user interface and performance enhancement. It will get more work in less time. Professional in every field is discovering knowledge to meet thus change†. Chapter3 3. 1 Theoretical Framework of the Study The Theoretical framework of the study is used to show how the existing and proposed system works. It also illustrates how the proposed system evolved from the existing system. 3. 2 Con ceptual Framework of the Study Figure 3. 2 illustrate how the system flows.Conceptual framework is a group of concept that are broadly defined and systematically organized to provide a focus, a rationale, and a tool for the integration and interpretation of information. 3. 3 Research Setting The proponent conduct a research in SIFCOR LENDING INVESTOR INC. who are also the intended beneficiaries of the proposed system. SIFCOR Lending Investor Inc. is located at Sindalan, City of San Fernando. 3. 4 Research Population The Research Population composed of the company’s employee who gives information that helped the proponent in developing their system.Respondents answered question which expressed their perspectives about the current and proposed system that helped the proponent to further analyze the flow of the system. The Research Population of the proponent composed of the employees and as well the consumers, who are the intended beneficiary of the proposed system. 3. 5 Resear ch design the proponent aim is to satisfy the needs of the users of the study by providing the users with the reliable information which could be a great help. It also discusses the methods uses by the proponent to come up with he procedures on how to identify existing problems in the current system and the procedures on how to develop the proposed system. 3. 5. 1 Descriptive Method This method of research is a fact-finding technique with sufficient meaning. It can help the proponent understand how the current system is supposed to work and determine the comparison and analysis of the existing and the proposed system. It is a way of gathering information to complete the study. This shows the activities that will observe for the development of the existing system.Descriptive Research, also known as statistical research, describe data and characteristics about the population or phhenominon being studied. Descriptive research answer the question who, what, where, when, and how. Althoug h the data description is factual, accurate and systematic, the research canno9t describe what caused a situation. Thus, Description research cannot be used to create a casual relationship, where one variable affect another. In other words, descriptive research can be said to have a low requirements for internal validity. The description is used for frequencies, averages and other statistical calculations.Often the best approach, prior to writing descriptive research, is to conduct a survey investigation. Qualitative research often has the aim of description and researchers may follow-up with examinations of why the observations exist and what the implications of the finding are 3. 6 Methods of Research Used This type of research, as the definition implies, will helps the proponent to collect all the necessary information needed for the implementation of the project. To provide an accurate, fast, efficient and a more convenient way for applying loans is the objective of this project . . 6. 1 Creative Method This research method implies the stylistic approach and aesthetic concept of human experiences that the proponent must acquire in order to develop the proposed system. The proponents used this method in such a way that they made sure that the system would look enticing to its users yet serve the same expected funntionality. 3. 6. 2 Library Method 3. 6. 3 Internet Research Method 3. 7 Data Gathering Techniques and Instrument 3. 7. 1 Observation. The observation of current operating procedures is another fact-finding technique.Seeing the system in action gives the proponents an additional perspective and a better understanding of the system procedures. A personal observation also allow them to verify the statements made in the interviews and determine whether procedures really operate as they are describe. Through observation, they discover that neither the system documentation nor the interview statements are accurate. It provide important advantages as the d evelopment process continues. 3. 7. 2 Interview. The proponent personally interviewed some of the respondents.Personal interview is usually the most expensive fact-finding technique because it is a costly time consuming process. An interview is more familiar and personal than a questionnaire. Respondents who are unwilling to put critical or controversial comments in writing might talk more freely in person. 3. 7. 3 Questionnaires. The proponent used this method because it gives the respondents an opportunity to provide inputs and suggestion. This methods helps distinguish the viewpoint of the respondents who are mainly concern in collecting valuable information about the existing system.Questionnaire construction is critical to the success of a survey. 3. 7. 4 Evaluation These are forms with criteria that evaluate the performance of the existing study. These forms are given to the users that will evaluate the existing system with respect to their efficiency, reliability and effectiv eness. With the help of evaluation form, the proponent were able to analyze the feasibility of the proposed system based from the ratings given by respondents. 3. 8 Analytical tools 3. 8. 1 Ishikawa Diagram 3. 8. 2 Data Flow Diagram Is a graphical representation of the â€Å"flow† of data through an information system.DFD’s were introduced and popularized for structured analysis and design. DFD’s show the flow of data from external entities into the system, showed how the data move from one process to another, as well as its logical storage. The proponents considered the following: In creating the DFD, where does the data that passes through the system come from and where does it go, what delays occur between the inputs and outputs. Using DFD, the proponents can easily analyze the flow of the system that will enable to describe what part of the processing needs to be prioritized. 3. 8. 3 Visual Table of ContentIt is a pictorial means of preventing data. It helps the proponents to display the information needed. It illustrates present systems and describes a proposed system to the user, programmer or operations. 3. 8. 4 Input – Process – Output IPO Model  is a  functional model  and  conceptual schema  of a general  system. An IPO chart identifies a program’s inputs, its outputs, and the processing steps required to transform the inputs into the outputs. Along with a definition, many times you will be asked to draw a diagram to show the stages. It is essential that you learn the diagram below, along with the direction of information flows.You need to be able to reproduce it exactly. 3. 8. 5 Flow Chart 3. 8. 5. 1 Program Flow Chart A program flowchart is a diagrammatic representation that will illustrates the sequence of operations to be performed to get the solution of a problem. The flowchart is a means of visually presenting the flow of data through an information processing systems, the operations perform ed within the system and the sequence in which they are performed. In this lesson, we shall concern ourselves with the program flow chart, which describes what operations are required to solve a given problem.The program flow chart can be likened to the blueprint of a building. As we know a designer draws a blueprint before starting construction on a building. Similarly, a programmer prefers to draw a flow chart prior to writing a computer program. 3. 9 Method Used in Developing the System 3. 9. 1 System Planning. To create a project basic thing to do is to create a plan. The system analyst determines and identifies the planning phase. Identify meaning, to identify the project goals and needs of the system. 3. 9. 2 System analysis. This phase refines project goals into defined functions and operation of the intended application.It analyzes end-user information needs. This is used by the proponent in integrating the lending system to understand and document in detail the business nee ds and the processing of requirements of the proposed system. 3. 9. 3 System Design. A sample structure of the entire study is created in the phase and all necessary data are gathered. It describes the describe features and operations in detail, including screen layouts, business rules, process diagrams and other documentation. The output of this stage will describe the new system as a collection of modules or subsystems.This is used by the proponent to design the proposed system based on the requirements defined and decisions made during the analysis. 3. 9. 4 System Implementation. Modular and subsystem programming code will be accomplished in this phase. Unit testing and module testing are done in the phase by the proponent. This phase is intermingled with the next in that individual modules will need testing before integration to the main project. It is used by the proponent to build, test, and install a reliable system with trained ready to benefit as expected from use of the sy stem. 3. 9. 5 System operation and support. . 10 Justification of Method Used. 3. 11 Method for Product Evaluation. 3. 11. 1 Technical Feasibility. Determines the verification and proving of system accessibility and availability in the local market of the system requirement peripherals such as software and hardware. 3. 11. 2 Operational feasibility. This method determines if the proposed system gives the satisfactory result and output for its target users and market, whether there will be problems in applying and implementing the system in its operational environment in determining the operational feasibility. 3. 11. 2. 1 Efficiency.The ability to complete the result without wasted energy and effort. 3. 11. 2. 2 Reliability Refers to the dependability of the system in performing its intended functions and giving satisfactory results. 3. 11. 2. 3 Effectiveness The degree to achieve the usability of the system and its ability to solve problems encountered of the locale’s curren t system. The Likert’s was applied to the qualitative data collected because its appropriate in evaluating the feedback obtained from respondents. A Likert’s scale measures the extent to which a person agrees or disagrees with the question. Scale| Range of Mean| Verbal Interpretation(VI)| 5| 4. 1-5. 00| excellent| 4| 3. 41-4. 20| Very Satisfactory| 3| 2. 61-3. 40| Satisfactory| 2| 1. 81-2. 60| Fair| 1| 1. 00-1. 80| Poor| Table 3. 1 Likert’s Scale 1. Mean. This was used to determine the average rating of each criteria that was set in the proposed system that the respondent evaluated. The formula for getting the mean is as follows: M= f(X1+X2+X3+†¦Xn) N Where: F=refers to the frequency (f) or the number of times that a given number (x) was chosen by the respondents. (X1 + x2 + x3 + †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Xn) or any of the numerical ratings (5,4,3,2,1) representing the evaluator’s rating n= represents the sample size of the total number of respondents. . Weigh ted Mean. The weighted mean was used to describe the perception of the respondents concerning the proposed software. To determine the weighted mean, the proponent used the following formula: E f (X1+X2+X3+†¦Xn) N Where: Ef(X1+X2+X3+†¦Xn) = summation of means of all criterion. N= Total number of respondents 3. 12 Statistical treatment of Data This study is essential in order to make used of data in right form by computing them mathematically. The proponent used z-test, this is use by the proponent to make comparative studies between two samples. (See to Appendix M) 1. Formula for Frequency Mean (FM): (X1 + X2 +X3 + †¦ Xn)FM = f _________________________________________ n Where: f = product of the frequency and a particular numeric rating for a given criteria. n = sample size represented by the total number of respondents (X1 + X2 +X3 + †¦ Xn) = any numeric rating 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 representing the evaluators rating option for each given criteria. 2. Formula for Wei ghted Mean (WM): ? f(X1 + X2 +X3 + †¦ Xn) WM = _______________________________________________ N Where: ? f (X1 + X2 +X3 + †¦ Xn) = the summation of all frequency mean N = total number of criteria 3. T-Test Computation __ __ t =X1 – X2 n1-1(S1)2+ (n2-1)(S2)2n1+ n2-2 1n1+1n2 3. 13 System Development Cost The following formulas are used in computing the total cost in developing the proposed system. Salvage value = (Total Hardware Cost/Life Expentancy)*(Development Period) Months per year Annual Depreciation Cost = (Total Hardware Cost-Salvage Value) Life Expentancy Monthly Depreciation Cost = (Annual Depreciation Cost) Months per year Hardware Development Cost = (Monthly Depreciation Cost * Development Period) Software Development Cost = (Monthly Depreciation Cost * Development Period) Labor Cost = (Developer’s Fee per Month * Development Period)KWh used by Computer = (number of watts * number of hours per month) 1000w KWh used by Electric Fan = (number of watt s * number of hours per month) 1000w KWh used by Light = (number of watts * number of hours per month) 1000w Total Monthly Power Consumption = KWh used by Computer + KWh used by Electric Fan + KWh used by Light Total Basic Charge = Generation Change + Transmission Change + System Loss Change + Distribution Change + Supply Change Total Development Cost = Hardware Cost + Software Cost + Labor Cost + Miscellaneous Cost + Total Overhead Cost

Violence Involving Weapons

The Board of Education has removed the principal of the troubled Martin Luther King Jr. High School after a spate of violence involving weapons at the school. Most recently, on Friday, a student sneaked a knife into the bustling five-story building and threatened another student. The removal of the principal, Ronald Williams Wells, came almost three weeks after a crush of students, teachers and administrators dashed from the building and for cover in classrooms when a man shot two students in what appeared to be a dispute over a girl. The school is at West 66th Street and Amsterdam Avenue, a block from Lincoln Center. On Friday, two students were arrested after one student displayed a folding knife during an argument. He passed it to a second student after security officers arrived to break up the fight. The first student sneaked the knife into the building by passing it inside a book bag through the school's weapons scanner. Martin Luther King school officials did not call th! e Board of Education until hours later, said Catie Marshall. The Board of Education requires school administrators to call the board's emergency information center immediately after such incidents. During an investigation into the timing of the report, Tony Sawyer, the Manhattan high school superintendent, removed Mr. Wells Ms. Marshall said. The New York Post first reported the dismissal yesterday. Mr. Wells has been replaced by Steve Gutman, a 36-year veteran of the system who retired in September but came back to the board at Mr. Sawyer's request. Mr. Wells's new assignment has not been announced. After the Jan. 5 shootings, Mr. Wells came under criticism for not being at work. He was on duty with the National Guard that day. Schools Chancellor Harold O. Levy, who toured the building after the shooting, found that some people who were not enrolled in courses were carrying photo identification cards. The school has had its share of trouble in the nearly three decades since it opened. Efforts to improve the curriculum have faltered, and principals have quit. Next year, the school – which is large, with about 3,000 students – will be divided into two smaller academies. The removal of a principal cannot be seen as having fixed the problem,† said C. Virginia Fields, the Manhattan borough president, who is a member of the task force working to phase out the old school. â€Å"There is much work to be done. We need to address safety and security, as well as other concerns that have been raised, including academics and student selection. † My opinion on the whole thing is that the school made the right decision to remove the princible from the school. For one reason what if something happened again like Columbine. That would not be good.

5 Steps to Writing a Hassle-Free Literature Review

5 Steps to Writing a Hassle-Free Literature Review When youre tasked with writing a lengthy academic study such as a journal article, thesis or dissertation, a literature review will likely be a part of that process. The literature review portion of your research is perhaps one of the most difficult sections to write. A well-written literature review will provide a summary of the scholarly sources youve used in your research. It will also summarize the current knowledge and scholarship surrounding the topic youve chosen to study in more depth, including any patterns, themes, or gaps that are in the research. If the research you plan to conduct will fill any of these gaps, the literature review should mention that, as well.Depending on the type of writing that will be required, your literature review could be a separate chapter, or it could part of the introduction or part of the theoretical framework. In some cases, a literature review might be written on its own as a survey of scholarly knowledge on a topic. However, in either case, here are the five steps to writing a hassle-free literature review.A literature review is a survey of scholarly knowledge that has been published on a certain topic. Photo by Henry Be on Unsplash.Step 1- Narrow your topicOne of the first and easiest mistakes to make when writing a literature review is to start with a topic that is too broad. Since the literature review will provide a foundation for your research, it needs to be narrowed enough to provide a solid one.For example, lets say you want to research the topic of childhood obesity. Obviously, there will be hundreds of scholarly sources that focus on that topic, so trying to summarize all of them would be not only difficult- it would be useless for the purposes of your own research.However, you can break that topic down even further to narrow the scope of your research. For example, instead, you could research childhood obesity and social development among middle-school-aged children. With this narrowed topic, the scholarly research you find will include all (or most) of the important keywords of your research: childhood obesity, social development, middle school. That makes your search for pertinent, relevant research a much easier task.Step 2- Gather your sources and pick the right ones to useNow that you have a narrowed topic, step two will be much easier than it would have been otherwise. In this step, you find recent, relevant research that includes your keywords and informs your knowledge on the topic. While reading the most recent scholarly articles or books, youll begin to notice certain studies or theories that the authors consistently refer to as a foundation for their own study. This is usually a good indicator that you should include those previous studies and theories in your own literature review, to provide your readers with a summary of the most relevant ideas surrounding that topic.To put it simply- determining which sources you will include in your literature review is really a matter of: 1) knowing how to identify the important, foundational (landmark) studies that have been conducted and 2) knowing how to identify current, relevant studies.Landmark studiesIf youre researching in a field youve studied extensively already, youre likely to already know the relevant research that is important to note, otherwise known as landmark studies. For example, in the field of Education, the early childhood development research of Jean Piaget, Erik Erikson, and John Dewey are foundational in almost any research related to a childs development. Therefore, many literature reviews will mention them and briefly summarize what they added to the scholarly knowledge foundational to the topic.Current studiesWhile its impossible to read everything thats published relating to a topic- even a narrow one- you can find the relevant research by noticing the attention its getting and the number of times its been cited in other studies. You can use several websites to discover how many time s an article has been cited and this article provides easy links and instructions on how to do this.However, just because an article or book has been often cited doesnt mean you have to use it for your own research. You can find other relevant articles by looking through abstracts and determining if the research is both credible and useful for your own. You should also use this opportunity to see if there is perhaps a gap in the research- something that needs to be explored that hasnt been thoroughly explored by other researchers. Or, is there a different approach you want to take in your own methodology that will close a gap or answer a question that is still out there in the scholarly writing available on your topic?Step 3- Find connections, patterns, disagreements, pivotal changes and gapsNow that youve determined which sources you plan to use, you can begin reading over them in more detail to look for connections, patterns, disagreements, pivotal changes and gaps in the literatu re. Its important at this step to find trends that keep showing up as you read, as well as themes that arise. Youll also want to note where different researchers agree or disagree, and why there is a discrepancy in their understanding or hypotheses.You might also find that a certain past study changed scholarly discourse in a major way. That would be a pivotal moment to note in your literature review, since it is foundational in the overall scholarship surrounding the topic.Finally, you want to find and acknowledge any gaps you note in the literature. For example, for our childhood obesity and social development among middle-school-aged children, you might find that none of the research youve come across seems to take into account comorbidity of obesity and mental health issues in middle-school-aged children. Therefore, its a gap in the research that you can address in your literature review and potentially fill in your research.Its important that you, as a researcher, find and ackn owledge any gaps you note in the literature. Photo by Bruno Figueiredo on Unsplash.Step 4- Determine how you will organize your literature reviewNow that you know which sources you plan to use to compile your literature review (and thus, inform your own research), its important to organize the summary of these sources to make your analysis easier for your reader to follow.ChronologicalThis is one of the easiest and most popular ways to organize a literature review. Its easy to do because you simply mention each source in the order it was published, beginning with the earlier, landmark studies. However, the problem with this organizational structure is its easy to just list your summaries, one after the other, without pointing out any patterns or themes that occur among them. Youll need to focus on showing how the scholarship has changed and evolved over the years, as well as mention any important turning points that might have occurred.TheoreticalSince the sources you have been read ing have all resulted in a theoretical analysis or hypothesis, you can organize your literature review from a theoretical standpoint, showing how the framework was built. If there is a certain theoretical approach to your topic of study that you prefer above others, this might be the best way for you to organize your literature review.ThematicThematic organization of your literature review is the best way to approach it if you want to point out various themes that have come up in your exploration of the topic. For example, returning to our previously mentioned topic, childhood obesity and social development among middle-school-aged children, we might find multiple themes that arise, such as forming friendships, self-confidence, bullying, and family bonds. If we want to study the topic within these four themes or parameters, a thematic-organized literature review will be the best bet.MethodologicalMethodological organization for your literature review will focus on the various method ologies used in prior studies and mention each based on that factor. For example, you might first look at quantitative studies that were done on the topic, then look at qualitative ones, comparing the results of both. Or, you might first analyze literature that shows empirical methodologies, then analyze a more theoretical approach.Step 5- Write your literature reviewNow that youve gone through the other steps, this should be the easy part. As you write, remember that your task is to summarize and synthesize all relevant scholarly work on your topic, while also analyzing any gaps, patterns, inconsistencies, or themes that emerge.Note that as you write, you need to remain as critical and objective as possible in your overview of literature. If you feel that there were biases and you have a substantial case to make with it, include your analysis on that fact. If you feel that certain studies had stronger methodologies or frameworks than others, mention that, as well. The point of a li terature review is to let your reader know that you have researched your topic in depth and have a credible, solid foundation from which to continue that study or pose hypotheses connected to it.

Comparison of Douglass and Jacobs Narratives

Comparison of Douglass and Jacobs Narratives Introduction Forced labor played an important role in the American history. It affected the lives of many Blacks living in the country during that time. Some slaves managed to escapethatenabled them to write some stories based on their lives. Fredrick Douglass, for example, wrote a narrative referred to as Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass: An America Slave. Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Comparison of Douglass and Jacobs Narratives specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Douglass gave an account of his social, Douglass authored his works on Narrative of the Life of Douglass after Blacks had started demanding for their rights and freedoms. In contrast, the works of Jacob was affected by the political and historical events that went on during publication of her works.Advertising Looking for research paper on african american? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More She published her works at a time that Americans rose against each other in the Civil War. She had to convey compelling argument to gain the attention of women about suffrage. Douglass had a major influence in society because he was both a leader and a writer. His works was met with criticism from owners of the slaves, which forced him to run for his safety. Fredrick Douglass based his ideas on the sermon. He could influence church members to reject any form of slavery because it was against God’s will. He was hired to lecture at Massachusetts Antislavery organization, whereby he developed some of styles that could enable him to attack slave owners. He came up with rhetorical devices that were similar to sermons and proclamations and used them in formulating his narrative. Such strategies included reverberation, contrast and many classical credible tactics. His findings were based on compilation of various speeches given in church. This means that he used b iblical quotes to condemn slavery because he cited some of the famous writings from the Holy book to prove that slavery was indeed inhuman (Pyne 71). Furthermore, Douglass borrowed the ideas of Emerson, which were popular in 1840s. He combined various views to encourage his supporters to fight against slavery, which caused anguish to people. He gave a narration in which he likened slavery to the life of a man who undergoes initiation from childhood to adulthood. Initiation signifies transformation from boyhood to maturity. In the same way, fight for freedom is like transformation from human chattel to a free citizen. According to Douglass, he analyzes his displeasure against slavery, by stating: Slaves sing most when they are most unhappy. The songs of the slaves represent the sorrows of his hear, and are relieved of them, only as its tears relieved an aching heart (Douglass 20)†. Because of his personal view to slavery, he was able to relate to the vile moments of slavery to his sermons. In return, he had an opportunity to attack slavery. The sermons provided Douglass with a good opportunity to attack slavery. He used quotations from the Bible, which contradicted with the activities of slave owners, to challenge slavery.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Comparison of Douglass and Jacobs Narratives specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This enlightened Christian slave owners to neglect the provisions of the slavery laws. In addition, he used the sermons in church to remind slave owners that it was against God’s Will to use or humiliate another human being by treating them as objects. It is noted that Christianity played a bigger role in abolishing slavery in the US. Contrary to Douglass’ observation, Jacob gave her reasons against the slavery at around 1854. Such views and ideas made the author live as a renegade for about ten years. She authored her works after Cornelia Grinnell had given her a decent job. In other words, her findings could be termed as sentimental meaning a domestic novel. The author targeted women in families, home, matrimony and womanly reticence. She had borrowed much from the previous women writers. Her works encouraged women to rise up and fight slavery as well as male patriarchy. The issue of gender makes a big difference between the two scholars. Jacob focused on the problems encountered by women under slavery. She argued that slave owners could demand for sexual relationships with their subjects. In this case, women were the first casualties because they could not resist. Jacob showed how society used physical qualities to discriminate some members.She claimed that no social structure was maintained by oppressing some of its members. Conversely, the two scholars had different focuses because Douglass emphasized on struggle to achieve manhood and freedom while Jacob was much disturbed by the issue of sexual exploitation. A s Jacob observed, slavery was much terrible for women as compared to men. Women were affected most because there were no jobs for them (Shlaes 45). In society, women existed at the mercy of men. They were infringed economical and socially. They were only supposed to handle minor activities, but not to participate in major debates.Advertising Looking for research paper on african american? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The major problem for women was male domination and societal structure, which was rigid and unbiased. Douglass did not talk much about women (Pyne 83), but was more focused on liberating the entire society from slavery. On the other hand, Jacob’s concerns were clear. She longed for liberating women from male patriarchy and domination. She cited societal structure as one of the impediments to women liberation. Culture did not allow women to participate in active politics, neither did it encourage women to rise up and fight for their rights. Even pressure groups focused only on setting men free from slavery, not women. This implies that women were supposed to stand up and fight for their rights independently. This is reflected perfectly in the following text: When he told me that I was made for his use, made to obey his command in everything; that I was nothing but a slave who will must and should surrender to his, never before had my puny arm felt half-strong (Jacob 29). From Jacob’s narrative, it is established that she was not learned meaning that her works did not have any scholastic foundation. She could not be compared to Douglass who was educated (Shlaes 45), though very poor. Family backgrounds affected the writings of the two authors. Jacob claimed that her adventures seemed incredible because of the life she went through. She also admitted that her descriptions fell short of acts because she was not much enlightened, unlike Douglass who was well off academically since he was offered employment as a tutor. He worked in one of the colleges that supported liberation. Educational backgrounds affected the narratives of the narrators since more education affects an individual’s orientation to the world. In other words, learned narrators use tact in presenting his or her ideas. Douglass understood the importance of the importance of liberty hence encouraging slaves and other members of society to fight for their rights (McPherson 14). On the other hand, Jacob urged women to raise their concerns through societal institutions, such as government, which proved to be futile. Douglass used his influence and position in the society to inform the public of the evils of slavery. Conclusion Overall, Douglass and Jacobs aimed at eliminating slavery by condemning it through written texts. They focused on the awful experiences and nature of slavery. Each of the narrators had different viewpoints as regards to slavery. In addition, the scholars exposed injustices that infringed upon peoples rights to equality and equal opportunities. Comparison of works of the two writers reveal that differences endured by male and female slaves related to gender roles, political aspects, and societal structure. Douglass, Fredrick. Narrative of the life of Fredrick Douglass, an American slave. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. Print. Jacob, Harriet. Incidents in the life of a slave girl. Harvard: Harvard University Press, 2007.Print. McPhe rson, James. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. Oxford: Pulitzer Prize, 2003.Print. Oatis, Steven. A Colonial Complex: South Carolinas Frontiers in the Era of the Yamasee War, 1680-1730. New York: University of Nebraska Press, 2004.Print. Pyne, Stephen. How the Canyon Became Grand. New York, NY: Penguin Books, 1998.Print. Shlaes, Amity. The Forgotten Man: A New History of the Great Depression. New York, NY: Harper Perennial, 2008.Print.

Tajikistan civil war (1992-1997) Research Paper

Tajikistan civil war (1992-1997) - Research Paper Example Ethnic groups: Tajik 80%, Uzbek 15%, Russian and others 5%.Religion (2010 Embassy est.): Sunni Muslim 95%, Shi'a Muslim 3%, other 2%. Language: Tajik (the official state language as of 1994, with follow-up legislation in 2009); Russian is widely used in government and business; 74% of the population lives in rural communities where mostly Tajik is spoken. Education: Literacy (according to the Tajikistan Living Standards Survey for 2007)--97.4%. The Tajik education system has been struggling through a period of decline since independence, however, and some evidence suggests functional literacy is much lower. Health (2010 est.): Life expectancy--62.29 years men; 68.52 years women. Infant mortality rate--41.03 deaths/1,000 live births. Work force (2010): The official work force is 2.1 million. The actual number of working age citizens is closer to 4 million. As many as half of all working age males, and an increasing number of females, seek jobs outside of the country, primarily in Russ ia. The Republic of Tajikistan gained its independence during the breakup of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) on September 9, 1991 and soon fell into a civil war. From 1992 to 1997 internal fighting ensued between old-guard regionally based ruling elites and disenfranchised regions, democratic liberal reformists, and Islamists loosely organized in a United Tajik Opposition (UTO). Other combatants and armed bands that flourished in this civil chaos simply reflected the breakdown of central authority rather than loyalty to a political faction. The height of hostilities occurred between 1992 and 1993. By 1997, the predominantly Kulyabi-led Tajik Government and the UTO had negotiated a power-sharing peace accord and implemented it by 2000. Once guaranteed 30% of government positions, former oppositionists have almost entirely been removed from government as President Rahmon has consolidated power. The last Russian border guards protecting Tajikistan's 1,344 km border w ith Afghanistan completed their withdrawal in July 2005. Russia maintains its military presence in Tajikistan with the basing of the Russian 201st Motorized Rifle Division that never left Tajikistan when it became independent. Most of these Russian-led forces, however, are local Tajik noncommissioned officers and soldiers. Tajikistan's most recent parliamentary elections in 2010 and its 2006 presidential election were considered to be flawed and unfair but peaceful. The parliamentary elections, in which the ruling party secured 55 of the 63 seats, failed to meet many key Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) standards on democratic elections, and some observers saw them as even worse than the flawed 2005 elections. In June 2003, Tajikistan held a flawed referendum to enact a package of constitutional changes, including a provision to allow President Rahmon the possibility of re-election to up to two additional 7-year terms after his term expired in 2006.† Civil War Brief Summary of The Conflict After the civil war in 1992, sporadic fighting continued in remote areas. The road to peace in Tajikistan has been long and tedious. (Tajikistan Civil War), â€Å"The process of national reconciliation in this impoverished Central Asian country was set in motion by a June 1997 UN-mediated settlement between Tajikistan's Moscow-backed government and the

Exploring the Link between Organizational Learning, Knowledge and Dissertation

Exploring the Link between Organizational Learning, Knowledge and Individual Performance in a Further Education College - Dissertation Example Results 6. Conclusion Recommendations Scope for Future Study Abstract Organizational learning is the study about an organizations learning process. It includes how the organization learns from its former mistakes, gain insight on various aspects of management from their past actions and how they implement certain changes for the future based on these lessons. The modern trends in today's business environment like globalization, technical dependence and extreme marketing activities affect every organizations culture and structure to a certain extent. Understanding about an organizations learning capacity as a whole in adapting to these new trends will determine how far organizational learning is important to gain competitive advantage over others. The link between organization learning, the performance of the employees and the knowledge gained about the process is not explored in detail in organizational learning literature. The project will focus on exploring this missing link and at tempt to underline how far organizational learning enhances the process knowledge of their employees on the whole. A Community College or a Further Education College in UK is selected as the point of research. ... Narrative analysis method is used to explore the data collected and draw conclusions. Our results state that organizational learning or organizational learning influences the staff working for the college to a substantial level. People who tend to fall back in following the authority’s procedure also heed to organizational learning when it comes to mission, trust level and participating in the big picture or goal of the company and accessing the various technologies used to implement the same. Introduction Organizational learning and organizational culture are usually interlinked. Every organization has to learn from its past actions, from its competitors, customers and the ever changing business environment both internal and external. This learning is important for them to adapt to the new changes and stay ahead of their competitors. Organizational learning or organizational learning refers to how collective learning is garnered in every company or institution. Various proces ses are concerned with it starting from reflection of the past actions to analyzing the future plans based on the knowledge gained from the previous decisions. For an organization to grow as a whole this knowledge should be passed on to the groups in general even though the idea or knowledge insight might have occurred to one single person (Argyris & Schon, 1978; Kezar, 2005). Business field is closely related to organizational learning as much of the research done in the area comes from analyzing various MNC's and their performances. Businesses keep evolving constantly paving way for continuous organizational learning both among the employees as well as the higher management. On the other hand, there are various other fields starting from government offices to educational

Business Plan - Marketing Section Research Paper

Business Plan - Marketing Section - Research Paper Example A product’s value proposition is a statement of the functional, emotional and self-expressive benefits delivered by the product that provide value for the target customer, (Barnes, Blake & Pinder, 2009). When we break this down we see that it consists of the following components: what the company offers the customers, the type of value or benefit associated with this offering, to whom the company is offering this value. The company is offering products in the following broad categories: network configuration, audio-visual maintenance, network security, and software solutions. A primary market research was conducted to verify whether these products and services were needed. The company sent a group of marketing staff to school districts in the local areas and the greater parts of the North East United States, to carry out some research, which realized several findings. The potential customers, the schools and other business establishments, had a number of problems that called for some solutions. There were customers who had computer systems, printers and storage systems that were not interconnected, yet they still had the need to share devices, the internet, software and files. A number of schools had audio-visual systems that lacked preventative maintenance to make them operate at optimum levels. Few establishments lacked optimization of their IT software and hardware, and they did not have security solutions to protect their network systems, corporate database data and information assets against potential threats exposures which can jeopardize or client’s business information confidentiality, integrity, and availability. There were no security strategies to mitigate on issues caused by people, network system set-up and configuration, system functionality, and business processes. They were short of software solutions for their needs. A few companies that were existing to provide solutions to their needs were